Charles Giammona

In summary, the idea is to give all of the information to help others to judge the value of your contribution; not just the information that leads to judgments in one particular direction or another. We’ve learned from experience that the truth will come out. Nature’s phenomena will agree or disagree with your theory. And it’s this type of integrity, this kind of care not to fool yourself, that is missing to a large extent in much of our society today.

Further, this long history of learning how to not fool ourselves—of having utter scientific integrity—is, I’m sorry to say, something that we haven’t specifically included in any particular course that I know of. We just hope you’ve caught on by osmosis.

So I have just one wish for you—the good luck to be somewhere where you are free to maintain the kind of integrity I have described, and where you do not feel forced by a need to maintain your position or financial support, in a relationship, an organization, or so on, to lose your integrity. May you have that freedom.